Potential availability timeline

Symptom Control Restorative Disease Modifying

Top Promising Treatments In Clinical Trials

Sorted by projected success to be approved chance

Total (Clinical) 87

Filter

Fully evaluated therapies with proven safety and efficacy, already cleared for routine Parkinson's care.

Adaptive DBS (aDBS)

Symptom control (Device - closed-loop deep brain stimulation)

Medtronic

FDA Approved

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Device - closed-loop deep brain stimulation

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

Closed-loop DBS with real-time adjustment.

Targeted Symptoms

FluctuationsDyskinesia

Status

approved

Status reason

FDA Approved

Approval chance

High (70-80%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Surgical risks

Potential Availability Year

2032

Amantadine (Symmetrel)

Symptom control (NMDA antagonist / antidyskinetic (immediate-release))

Endo

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

NMDA antagonist / antidyskinetic (immediate-release)

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

NMDA antagonist + antiviral; reduces dyskinesia.

Targeted Symptoms

DyskinesiaTremor

Status

approved

Approval chance

High (100%; already approved)

Side Effects / Watchouts

HallucinationsConfusionLivedo reticularisEdema

Potential Availability Year

1966

Amantadine ER (Gocovri)

Symptom control (Extended-release NMDA antagonist / antidyskinetic)

Adamas

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Extended-release NMDA antagonist / antidyskinetic

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

Extended‑release amantadine for bedtime dosing.

Targeted Symptoms

DyskinesiaOFF time

Status

approved

Approval chance

High (100%; already approved)

Side Effects / Watchouts

HallucinationsDizzinessInsomniaFall risk

Potential Availability Year

2017

Apomorphine (Apokyn)

Symptom control (Subcutaneous dopamine agonist (rescue injection))

Impax

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Subcutaneous dopamine agonist (rescue injection)

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

Subcutaneous dopamine agonist for rapid OFF rescue.

Targeted Symptoms

OFF episodes

Status

approved

Approval chance

High (100%; already approved)

Side Effects / Watchouts

NauseaInjection site reactionsHypotension

Potential Availability Year

2004

Benztropine (Cogentin)

Symptom control (Anticholinergic)

Merck

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Anticholinergic

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

Anticholinergic + antihistamine for tremor control.

Targeted Symptoms

TremorRigidity

Status

approved

Approval chance

High (100%; already approved)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Dry mouthBlurred visionConstipationCognitive decline

Potential Availability Year

1950

Buspirone (PD dyskinesia)

Symptom control (5-HT1A partial agonist (repurposed))

Various (repurposed)

off-label use for PD dyskinesia,

completed

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

5-HT1A partial agonist (repurposed)

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

5-HT1A partial agonist reducing LID.

Targeted Symptoms

Dyskinesia

Status

completed

Status reason

off-label use for PD dyskinesia,

Approval chance

Low (0%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

DizzinessNausea

Potential Availability Year

2034

Carbidopa/Levodopa Enteral Suspension (Duopa)

Symptom control (Continuous enteral levodopa infusion)

AbbVie

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Continuous enteral levodopa infusion

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

Continuous intestinal levodopa infusion via PEG‑J tube.

Targeted Symptoms

Severe fluctuationsOFF time

Status

approved

Approval chance

High (100%; already approved)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Procedure complicationsInfectionTube displacement

Potential Availability Year

2015

Crexont (Levodopa/Carbidopa Capsules)

Symptom control (Extended-release levodopa/carbidopa (novel bead technology))

Various (generic)

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Extended-release levodopa/carbidopa (novel bead technology)

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

Extended‑release capsule with novel bead technology.

Targeted Symptoms

Wearing‑off

Status

approved

Approval chance

High (100%; approved 2025)

Side Effects / Watchouts

NauseaDyskinesia

Potential Availability Year

2025

Deep Brain Stimulation (Activa PC/SureTune)

Symptom control (Deep brain stimulation (conventional))

Medtronic

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Deep brain stimulation (conventional)

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

Implantable electrodes in STN/GPi to modulate circuits.

Targeted Symptoms

TremorDyskinesiaFluctuations

Status

approved

Approval chance

High (100%; already approved)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Surgical risksSpeech declineMood changesHardware issues

Potential Availability Year

1997

Deutetrabenazine (PD dyskinesia)

Symptom control (VMAT2 inhibitor)

Teva

completed

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

VMAT2 inhibitor

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

VMAT2 inhibitor reducing dopamine release.

Targeted Symptoms

Dyskinesia

Status

completed

Side Effects / Watchouts

SomnolenceDepression

Potential Availability Year

2034

Droxidopa (Northera)

Symptom control (Norepinephrine precursor (orthostatic hypotension))

Lundbeck

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Norepinephrine precursor (orthostatic hypotension)

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

Norepinephrine precursor for orthostatic hypotension.

Targeted Symptoms

Orthostatic hypotensionDizziness

Status

approved

Approval chance

High (100%; already approved)

Side Effects / Watchouts

HeadacheDizzinessHypertensionNausea

Potential Availability Year

2014

Entacapone (Comtan)

Symptom control (COMT inhibitor)

Orion

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

COMT inhibitor

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

COMT inhibitor extending levodopa half‑life.

Targeted Symptoms

Wearing‑offOFF time

Status

approved

Approval chance

High (100%; already approved)

Side Effects / Watchouts

DiarrheaUrine discolorationDyskinesia

Potential Availability Year

2003

Focused Ultrasound Adaptive

Symptom control (Device)

Insightec

FDA approved Exablate Neuro for staged bilateral treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease.

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Device

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

MRI-guided focused ultrasound for adaptive lesioning to improve gait.

Targeted Symptoms

gait disturbancefreezing

Status

approved

Status reason

FDA approved Exablate Neuro for staged bilateral treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease.

Approval chance

High; FDA approval indicates strong evidence of safety and efficacy.

Side Effects / Watchouts

Headache; transient gait worsening.

Potential Availability Year

Limited launch in select centers during 2025.

High-dose Carbidopa

Symptom control (Dopamine Enhancer)

ANZCTR

completed

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Dopamine Enhancer

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

Increases central levodopa bioavailability by peripheral decarboxylase inhibition.

Targeted Symptoms

motor symptomsOFF time

Status

completed

Approval chance

high (>60%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Nausea, orthostatic hypotension; dyskinesia.

Potential Availability Year

2032

Infinity DBS System

Symptom control (Directional deep brain stimulation)

Abbott

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Directional deep brain stimulation

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

Directional leads with Bluetooth programming.

Targeted Symptoms

Motor fluctuationsTremor

Status

approved

Approval chance

High (100%; already approved)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Hardware failureInfectionMood changes

Potential Availability Year

2017

Inhaled Levodopa (Inbrija)

Symptom control (Inhaled levodopa (rescue therapy))

Acorda

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Inhaled levodopa (rescue therapy)

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

Inhaled levodopa powder for rapid OFF rescue.

Targeted Symptoms

Acute OFF episodes

Status

approved

Approval chance

High (100%; already approved)

Side Effects / Watchouts

CoughNauseaUpper respiratory infection

Potential Availability Year

2018

Istradefylline (Nourianz)

Symptom control (Adenosine A2A receptor antagonist)

Kyowa Kirin

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Adenosine A2A receptor antagonist

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

Adenosine A2A receptor antagonist enhancing dopamine signaling.

Targeted Symptoms

OFF time

Status

approved

Approval chance

High (100%; already approved)

Side Effects / Watchouts

DyskinesiaHallucinationsNauseaInsomnia

Potential Availability Year

2019

Levodopa/Carbidopa (Sinemet)

Symptom control (Levodopa replacement therapy (oral immediate-release))

Merck

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Levodopa replacement therapy (oral immediate-release)

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

Combines levodopa (dopamine precursor) with carbidopa (prevents peripheral breakdown) to increase brain dopamine levels.

Targeted Symptoms

BradykinesiaRigidityTremor

Status

approved

Approval chance

High (100%; already approved)

Side Effects / Watchouts

NauseaDyskinesiaHallucinationsOrthostatic hypotension

Potential Availability Year

1978

Levodopa/Carbidopa ER (Rytary)

Symptom control (Extended-release levodopa/carbidopa (oral))

Amneal

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Extended-release levodopa/carbidopa (oral)

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

Extended‑release capsule with immediate + sustained levodopa.

Targeted Symptoms

Wearing‑offOFF time

Status

approved

Approval chance

High (100%; already approved)

Side Effects / Watchouts

NauseaDyskinesiaDizziness

Potential Availability Year

2015

Levodopa/Carbidopa/Entacapone (Stalevo)

Symptom control (Triple combination therapy (oral))

Novartis

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Triple combination therapy (oral)

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

Triple combo in one pill for convenience.

Targeted Symptoms

OFF timeFluctuations

Status

approved

Approval chance

High (100%; already approved)

Side Effects / Watchouts

DyskinesiaDiarrheaUrine discoloration

Potential Availability Year

2008

Opicapone (Ongentys)

Symptom control (COMT inhibitor (long-acting))

Bial

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

COMT inhibitor (long-acting)

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

Long‑acting COMT inhibitor blocking levodopa metabolism.

Targeted Symptoms

OFF timeMotor fluctuations

Status

approved

Approval chance

High (100%; already approved)

Side Effects / Watchouts

DyskinesiaHallucinationsConstipationDry mouth

Potential Availability Year

2020

Pimavanserin (Nuplazid)

Symptom control (5-HT2A inverse agonist (psychosis))

Acadia

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

5-HT2A inverse agonist (psychosis)

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

5‑HT2A inverse agonist without dopamine blockade.

Targeted Symptoms

HallucinationsDelusions

Status

approved

Approval chance

High (100%; already approved)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Peripheral edemaConfusionQT prolongation

Potential Availability Year

2016

Pramipexole (Mirapex ER)

Symptom control (Dopamine agonist (extended-release oral))

Boehringer Ingelheim/Pfizer

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Dopamine agonist (extended-release oral)

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

Non‑ergoline dopamine agonist mimicking dopamine effects on D2/D3 receptors.

Targeted Symptoms

TremorBradykinesiaRigidity

Status

approved

Approval chance

High (100%; already approved)

Side Effects / Watchouts

NauseaDizzinessImpulse control disordersSomnolence

Potential Availability Year

2015

Rasagiline (Azilect)

Symptom control (MAO-B inhibitor)

Teva

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

MAO-B inhibitor

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

Irreversible MAO‑B inhibitor enhancing dopamine availability.

Targeted Symptoms

Motor fluctuationsOFF time

Status

approved

Approval chance

High (100%; already approved)

Side Effects / Watchouts

HeadacheDyskinesiaNauseaInsomnia

Potential Availability Year

2006

Ropinirole (Requip XL)

Symptom control (Dopamine agonist (extended-release oral))

GlaxoSmithKline

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Dopamine agonist (extended-release oral)

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

Non‑ergoline dopamine agonist activating D2 receptors for sustained effect.

Targeted Symptoms

TremorBradykinesiaRigidity

Status

approved

Approval chance

High (100%; already approved)

Side Effects / Watchouts

NauseaSomnolenceHallucinationsImpulse control

Potential Availability Year

2008

Rotigotine (Neupro)

Symptom control (Dopamine agonist (transdermal patch))

UCB

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Dopamine agonist (transdermal patch)

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

Transdermal dopamine agonist providing 24‑hour delivery via patch.

Targeted Symptoms

Early morning OFFMotor fluctuations

Status

approved

Approval chance

High (100%; already approved)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Skin irritationNauseaSomnolenceDyskinesia

Potential Availability Year

2007

Safinamide (Xadago)

Symptom control (MAO-B inhibitor with glutamate modulation)

Newron/Zambon

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

MAO-B inhibitor with glutamate modulation

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

MAO‑B inhibitor + glutamate modulation for dual action.

Targeted Symptoms

OFF timeDyskinesia

Status

approved

Approval chance

High (100%; already approved)

Side Effects / Watchouts

DyskinesiaNauseaInsomniaFall risk

Potential Availability Year

2019

Selegiline (Eldepryl/Zelapar)

Symptom control (MAO-B inhibitor)

Somerset/Orbion

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

MAO-B inhibitor

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

Selective MAO‑B inhibitor preventing dopamine breakdown.

Targeted Symptoms

Motor declineOFF time

Status

approved

Approval chance

High (100%; already approved)

Side Effects / Watchouts

InsomniaNauseaHallucinationsTyramine interaction

Potential Availability Year

2006

Subcutaneous Apomorphine Infusion (SPN‑830)

Symptom control (Continuous subcutaneous dopamine agonist infusion)

Supernus

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Continuous subcutaneous dopamine agonist infusion

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

Continuous subcutaneous apomorphine via pump.

Targeted Symptoms

OFF timeFluctuations

Status

approved

Approval chance

High (100%; approved 2025)

Side Effects / Watchouts

NodulesNauseaHypotension

Potential Availability Year

2025

Tolcapone (Tasmar)

Symptom control (COMT inhibitor)

Roche

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

COMT inhibitor

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

Central/peripheral COMT inhibitor; potent levodopa extender.

Targeted Symptoms

Severe OFF time

Status

approved

Approval chance

High (100%; already approved)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Hepatotoxicity (requires LFT monitoring)DiarrheaDyskinesia

Potential Availability Year

1998

Trihexyphenidyl (Artane)

Symptom control (Anticholinergic)

Pfizer

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Anticholinergic

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

Anticholinergic blocking muscarinic receptors.

Targeted Symptoms

TremorDystonia

Status

approved

Approval chance

High (100%; already approved)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Dry mouthConfusionMemory impairmentUrinary retention

Potential Availability Year

1950

Valbenazine (NBI-98854) PD

Symptom control (VMAT2 inhibitor)

Neurocrine

completed

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

VMAT2 inhibitor

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

Highly selective VMAT2 inhibitor.

Targeted Symptoms

Dyskinesia

Status

completed

Approval chance

High (60-80%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

FatigueQT prolongation

Potential Availability Year

N/A

Vercise DBS System

Symptom control (Directional deep brain stimulation)

Boston Scientific

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Directional deep brain stimulation

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

Directional DBS with multiple independent current control.

Targeted Symptoms

TremorRigidityDyskinesia

Status

approved

Approval chance

High (100%; already approved)

Side Effects / Watchouts

InfectionLead migrationSpeech issues

Potential Availability Year

2016

Vyalev (Foslevodopa/Foscarbidopa)

Symptom control (Continuous subcutaneous levodopa prodrug infusion)

AbbVie

approved

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Continuous subcutaneous levodopa prodrug infusion

Stage

Approved

Mechanism

24‑hour subcutaneous prodrug infusion.

Targeted Symptoms

OFF timeFluctuations

Status

approved

Approval chance

High (100%; approved 2024)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Infusion site reactionsHallucinations

Potential Availability Year

2025

ND0612 (Subcutaneous Levodopa/Carbidopa)

Symptom Control (Subcutaneous infusion)

NeuroDerm/Mitsubishi Tanabe

NDA resubmission accepted June 2025; PDUFA target Q4 2025.

in progress

Treatment Type

Symptom Control

Treatment Subtype

Subcutaneous infusion

Stage

Pending Approval

Mechanism

Continuous subcutaneous levodopa/carbidopa infusion for steady dopamine levels.

Targeted Symptoms

Motor fluctuationsOFF episodes

Status

in progress

Status reason

NDA resubmission accepted June 2025; PDUFA target Q4 2025.

Approval chance

High (70-80%; positive Phase 3)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Infusion site reactionsNauseaDyskinesia

Potential Availability Year

2026

P2B001

Symptom control (Low-dose pramipexole + rasagiline combination)

Pharma Two B

Met primary/secondary endpoints

in progress

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Low-dose pramipexole + rasagiline combination

Stage

Pending Approval

Mechanism

Low-dose pramipexole + rasagiline combo.

Targeted Symptoms

Early motor symptoms

Status

in progress

Status reason

Met primary/secondary endpoints

Approval chance

High (70-80%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Nausea, Somnolence

Potential Availability Year

2026

Raguneprocel

Restorative (Stem cell therapy)

Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd. and RACTHERA Co., Ltd.

Pending Approval

Treatment Type

Restorative

Treatment Subtype

Stem cell therapy

Stage

Pending Approval

Mechanism

Transplants allogeneic induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived dopaminergic neural progenitor cells into the putamen to differentiate into dopamine-producing neurons, restoring depleted dopaminergic function in the brain.

Targeted Symptoms

Motor fluctuationsOFF time motor symptoms (bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor)

Status

Pending Approval

Approval chance

High (>60%) in Japan due to positive Phase I/II data and SAKIGAKE designation; moderate (20–40%) globally pending further trials.

Side Effects / Watchouts

Surgical risks (headache, subdural hematoma)Immunosuppression-related (infections, mild cytokine release)Predicted: Tumor formation risk (low, no events in trials), graft overgrowth

Potential Availability Year

2026

Tavapadon

Symptom Control (Oral drug)

AbbVie (Cerevel)

NDA submitted September 2025 based on positive Phase 3

in progress

Treatment Type

Symptom Control

Treatment Subtype

Oral drug

Stage

Pending Approval

Mechanism

Partial D1/D5 dopamine agonist with lower dyskinesia risk.

Targeted Symptoms

OFF timeMotor fluctuations

Status

in progress

Status reason

NDA submitted September 2025 based on positive Phase 3

Approval chance

Moderate (40-60%; positive Phase 3 data)

Side Effects / Watchouts

NauseaSomnolenceHallucinationsDyskinesia (lower incidence)

Potential Availability Year

2026

Ambroxol

Disease-modifying (Glucocerebrosidase (GCase) chaperone - repurposed drug)

University of Oxford/AstraZeneca (ASPro‑PD)

recruiting

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Glucocerebrosidase (GCase) chaperone - repurposed drug

Stage

Phase 3

Mechanism

Repurposed cough syrup increasing GCase activity in GBA‑PD.

Targeted Symptoms

Slow neurodegeneration

Status

recruiting

Approval chance

Moderate (30-50%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

GI upsetCoughRash

Potential Availability Year

2030

Bemdaneprocel (BRT‑DA01)

Restorative (Stem cell therapy (allogeneic dopaminergic progenitors))

BlueRock/Bayer

First patient dosed in Phase 3 trial

pending results

Treatment Type

Restorative

Treatment Subtype

Stem cell therapy (allogeneic dopaminergic progenitors)

Stage

Phase 3

Mechanism

Allogeneic stem cell‑derived dopaminergic progenitors transplanted to restore nigrostriatal function.

Targeted Symptoms

Motor deficitsDopamine loss

Status

pending results

Status reason

First patient dosed in Phase 3 trial

Approval chance

Moderate (20-40%; promising Phase 1/2, surgical risks).

Side Effects / Watchouts

Surgical risksImmunosuppression needsTumorigenicity (low risk)

Potential Availability Year

2033

Buntanetap

Disease-Modifying (Multi-target neurotoxic protein reducer)

Annovis Bio

Completed (positive)

Treatment Type

Disease-Modifying

Treatment Subtype

Multi-target neurotoxic protein reducer

Stage

Phase 3

Mechanism

Reduces multiple neurotoxic proteins (amyloid, α-synuclein, tau, TDP-43) via translation inhibition, addressing gut-brain axis in PD models.

Targeted Symptoms

Motor and cognitive symptoms; slow multi-proteinopathy

Status

Completed (positive)

Approval chance

Moderate (30–50%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Mild nausea; gastrointestinal

Potential Availability Year

2029

Mesdopetam (IRL790)

Symptom Control (Oral drug)

IRLAB Therapeutics

Positive End-of-Phase 2 FDA/EMA feedback; secondary endpoints met in Phase 2b (UDysRS reduction); well-tolerated.

planned

Treatment Type

Symptom Control

Treatment Subtype

Oral drug

Stage

Phase 3

Mechanism

D3 receptor antagonist reducing levodopa‑induced dyskinesia.

Targeted Symptoms

Dyskinesia

Status

planned

Status reason

Positive End-of-Phase 2 FDA/EMA feedback; secondary endpoints met in Phase 2b (UDysRS reduction); well-tolerated.

Approval chance

Moderate (30-50%; mixed Phase 2)

Side Effects / Watchouts

NauseaDizzinessFatigue

Potential Availability Year

2027

Nicotinamide Riboside (PD)

Disease-modifying (NAD+ precursor)

ChromaDex

pending results

completed

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

NAD+ precursor

Stage

Phase 3

Mechanism

NAD+ precursor improving mitochondrial function.

Targeted Symptoms

Slow progression

Status

completed

Status reason

pending results

Approval chance

Moderate (30-50%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

FlushingGI upset

Potential Availability Year

2030

Prasinezumab (RO7046015)

Disease-modifying (Anti-α-synuclein monoclonal antibody)

Roche/Genentech/Prothena

planned

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Anti-α-synuclein monoclonal antibody

Stage

Phase 3

Mechanism

Monoclonal antibody targeting extracellular α‑synuclein to prevent propagation.

Targeted Symptoms

Motor progressionNeurodegeneration

Status

planned

Approval chance

Moderate (30-50%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Infusion reactionsARIAHeadache

Potential Availability Year

2031

Solengepras (CVN424)

Disease-modifying (GPR6 inverse agonist (small molecule))

Cerevance (AbbVie)

recruiting

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

GPR6 inverse agonist (small molecule)

Stage

Phase 3

Mechanism

Targets GPR6 in striatal neurons to protect dopamine circuits.

Targeted Symptoms

NeurodegenerationMotor decline

Status

recruiting

Approval chance

Moderate (25-45%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

NauseaHeadacheInsomnia

Potential Availability Year

2031

AB-1005

Restorative (Gene therapy (AAV2-GDNF neurotrophic factor))

AskBio/Bayer

FDA grants RMAT designation to AB-1005 for Parkinson's disease

recruiting

Treatment Type

Restorative

Treatment Subtype

Gene therapy (AAV2-GDNF neurotrophic factor)

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

AAV2-GDNF gene therapy for neuroprotection.

Targeted Symptoms

Neurodegeneration

Status

recruiting

Status reason

FDA grants RMAT designation to AB-1005 for Parkinson's disease

Approval chance

Moderate (25-45%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Surgical risksImmune response

Potential Availability Year

2034

Adaptive DBS for Gait

Symptom control (Device)

UCSF

Completed (positive)

In Progress

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Device

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Adaptive deep brain stimulation synchronized to gait phase to improve walking patterns.

Targeted Symptoms

gait disturbancefreezing

Status

In Progress

Status reason

Completed (positive)

Approval chance

moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Surgical risks; battery replacement; overstimulation.

Potential Availability Year

2029

ANAVEX 2-73 (Blarcamesine)

Disease-modifying (Sigma-1 receptor agonist)

Anavex Life Sciences

met cognitive/motor endpoints

completed

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Sigma-1 receptor agonist

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Sigma-1 receptor agonist with anti-amyloid and neuroprotectant effects.

Targeted Symptoms

CognitionMotor

Status

completed

Status reason

met cognitive/motor endpoints

Approval chance

High (60-80%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

DizzinessNausea

Potential Availability Year

2029

BIIB122

Disease-modifying (LRRK2 kinase inhibitor (small molecule))

Biogen/Ionis

In Progress (Phase 2b LUMA study ongoing)

completed

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

LRRK2 kinase inhibitor (small molecule)

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Small molecule LRRK2 kinase inhibitor.

Targeted Symptoms

Slow neurodegeneration

Status

completed

Status reason

In Progress (Phase 2b LUMA study ongoing)

Approval chance

high (>60%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Lung toxicity (monitor), URI

Potential Availability Year

2033

Capsida IV AAV CAP-001

Disease-modifying (Gene Therapy)

Capsida Biotherapeutics

Completed (positive)

In Progress

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Gene Therapy

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

IV AAV-GBA1 to systemically deliver GCase enzyme for lysosomal function restoration.

Targeted Symptoms

motor symptomsslow neurodegeneration

Status

In Progress

Status reason

Completed (positive)

Approval chance

moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

AAV immunogenicity; flu-like symptoms.

Potential Availability Year

2036

Ceftriaxone

Disease-Modifying (GLT-1 upregulator / neurogenesis enhancer)

Chung Shan Medical University (investigator-led; multi-site in Taiwan)

in progress

Treatment Type

Disease-Modifying

Treatment Subtype

GLT-1 upregulator / neurogenesis enhancer

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Enhances neurogenesis and glutamate uptake via GLT-1 upregulation in MPTP rat models, reversing cognitive deficits and protecting neurons.

Targeted Symptoms

Cognitive deficits; motor symptoms; restore neurogenesis

Status

in progress

Approval chance

Moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Antibiotic resistance risk; gastrointestinal

Potential Availability Year

N/A

CRISPR-Cas9 SNCA

Disease-modifying (Gene Editing)

Editas Medicine

Completed (positive)

In Progress

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Gene Editing

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

CRISPR-Cas9 editing of SNCA gene to reduce alpha-synuclein expression.

Targeted Symptoms

slow neurodegenerationmotor symptoms

Status

In Progress

Status reason

Completed (positive)

Approval chance

moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Off-target edits; immune response.

Potential Availability Year

2038

CT-1812

Disease-modifying (Sigma-2 receptor antagonist (oligomer displacement))

Cognition Therapeutics

Positive results

completed

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Sigma-2 receptor antagonist (oligomer displacement)

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Displaces toxic Aβ/α-syn oligomers from synapses.

Targeted Symptoms

CognitionProgression

Status

completed

Status reason

Positive results

Approval chance

Moderate (30-50%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

HeadacheNausea

Potential Availability Year

2030

Dapansutrile

Disease-Modifying (NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor)

Olatec Therapeutics

Phase 2 Clinical Trial Initiated

recruiting

Treatment Type

Disease-Modifying

Treatment Subtype

NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome to reduce neuroinflammation in early PD models, protecting substantia nigra.

Targeted Symptoms

Early motor symptoms; inflammation

Status

recruiting

Status reason

Phase 2 Clinical Trial Initiated

Approval chance

Moderate (30-50%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Mild infection risk

Potential Availability Year

2030

Dipraglurant (ADX48621)

Symptom control (mGlu5 negative allosteric modulator (for dyskinesia))

Addex

Discountinued

pending results

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

mGlu5 negative allosteric modulator (for dyskinesia)

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

mGlu5 negative allosteric modulator reducing dyskinesia.

Targeted Symptoms

DyskinesiaPsychosis

Status

pending results

Status reason

Discountinued

Approval chance

Moderate (30-50%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

DizzinessHallucinations

Potential Availability Year

2029

Dopamine Progenitor Cells

Restorative (Stem Cell Therapy)

UCSD

Recruiting; Phase 1/2a trial ongoing.

In Progress

Treatment Type

Restorative

Treatment Subtype

Stem Cell Therapy

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Injection of stem cell-derived dopamine progenitors for safety assessment.

Targeted Symptoms

motor symptoms

Status

In Progress

Status reason

Recruiting; Phase 1/2a trial ongoing.

Approval chance

moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Surgical risks; immunosuppression.

Potential Availability Year

2034

E2027

Disease-modifying (PDE9 inhibitor)

Eisai

met primary endpoint with 239% average CSF

completed

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

PDE9 inhibitor

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

PDE9 inhibitor increasing cGMP for synaptic function.

Targeted Symptoms

Cognition

Status

completed

Status reason

met primary endpoint with 239% average CSF

Approval chance

Moderate (30-50%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

HeadacheGI upset

Potential Availability Year

2031

Eltoprazine

Symptom control (5-HT1A/1B partial agonist)

Amarantus

Development for PD halted post-2016 due to lack of efficacy

completed

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

5-HT1A/1B partial agonist

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

5-HT1A/1B partial agonist.

Targeted Symptoms

Dyskinesia

Status

completed

Status reason

Development for PD halted post-2016 due to lack of efficacy

Approval chance

Low

Side Effects / Watchouts

NauseaDizziness

Potential Availability Year

2028

Febuxostat + Inosine

Disease-modifying (Antioxidant Therapy)

Cure Parkinson’s / VAI

completed

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Antioxidant Therapy

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Urate elevation via xanthine oxidase inhibition and inosine supplementation to enhance antioxidant protection.

Targeted Symptoms

motor symptomsslow neurodegeneration

Status

completed

Approval chance

moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Gout flares; kidney stones; gastrointestinal upset.

Potential Availability Year

2033

FRM-116

Disease-modifying (Microglial Agonist)

Vigil Neuroscience

Positive Phase 1b results

recruiting

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Microglial Agonist

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

TREM2 agonist to enhance microglial phagocytosis and reduce amyloid and tau pathology.

Targeted Symptoms

cognitionmotor symptomsslow neurodegeneration

Status

recruiting

Status reason

Positive Phase 1b results

Approval chance

moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Mild headache; potential overactivation of microglia.

Potential Availability Year

2036

GLP-1 Agonist Variant

Disease-modifying (GLP-1 Agonist)

Novo Nordisk

Recruiting; Phase 1/2a trial ongoing.

In Progress

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

GLP-1 Agonist

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

PD-specific GLP-1 variant to enhance neuroprotection and reduce inflammation.

Targeted Symptoms

motor symptomscognition

Status

In Progress

Status reason

Recruiting; Phase 1/2a trial ongoing.

Approval chance

high (>60%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Nausea; weight loss.

Potential Availability Year

2028

GM-608

Disease-modifying (Motoneuron trophic factor analog)

Genervon

no further trials or publications reported as of November 2025, indicating halted development

completed

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Motoneuron trophic factor analog

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Motoneuron trophic factor analog.

Targeted Symptoms

Neuroprotection

Status

completed

Status reason

no further trials or publications reported as of November 2025, indicating halted development

Approval chance

Low to moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Injection site reactions

Potential Availability Year

2035

hES-derived Dopaminergic Neurons

Restorative (Stem Cell Therapy)

MSKCC

Completed (positive)

In Progress

Treatment Type

Restorative

Treatment Subtype

Stem Cell Therapy

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons to restore dopamine production.

Targeted Symptoms

motor symptomsslow neurodegeneration

Status

In Progress

Status reason

Completed (positive)

Approval chance

moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Immunosuppression; potential tumor formation.

Potential Availability Year

2035

hESC-DA (ISC-001)

Restorative (Stem cell therapy (parthenogenetic hESC-derived neural progenitors))

International Stem Cell Corp

in progress

Treatment Type

Restorative

Treatment Subtype

Stem cell therapy (parthenogenetic hESC-derived neural progenitors)

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Parthenogenetic hESC-derived neural progenitors.

Targeted Symptoms

Motor deficits

Status

in progress

Approval chance

Low to moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Graft overgrowth risk

Potential Availability Year

2035

Hypoestoxide

Disease-Modifying (NF-κB inhibitor)

Immune Modulation, Inc.

in progress

Treatment Type

Disease-Modifying

Treatment Subtype

NF-κB inhibitor

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Reduces neuroinflammation and α-synuclein accumulation in PD mouse models by inhibiting NF-κB, providing neuroprotection.

Targeted Symptoms

Motor symptoms; inflammation; slow α-syn accumulation

Status

in progress

Approval chance

Low (<10%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Mild anti-inflammatory effects; gastrointestinal

Potential Availability Year

2040

IKT-148009

Disease-modifying (c-Abl kinase inhibitor)

Inhibikase Therapeutics

recruiting

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

c-Abl kinase inhibitor

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

c-Abl inhibitor to reduce α-synuclein pathology.

Targeted Symptoms

Slow progression

Status

recruiting

Approval chance

Moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

No serious side effects observed at 200 mg dose in healthy volunteers

Potential Availability Year

2035

Inosine High-Dose

Disease-modifying (Antioxidant Therapy)

jRCT Japan

Recruiting; Phase 1 trial ongoing.

In Progress

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Antioxidant Therapy

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Urate precursor to elevate antioxidant levels and protect neurons.

Targeted Symptoms

motor symptomsslow neurodegeneration

Status

In Progress

Status reason

Recruiting; Phase 1 trial ongoing.

Approval chance

low (<10%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Gout flares; kidney stones.

Potential Availability Year

2028

JM-010

Symptom control (5-HT2A inverse agonist (psychosis))

Jedmon Pharmaceuticals

recruiting

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

5-HT2A inverse agonist (psychosis)

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

5-HT2A inverse agonist without D2 blockade.

Targeted Symptoms

Hallucinations

Status

recruiting

Approval chance

Low (0%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

QT prolongationSedation

Potential Availability Year

2040

K0706

Symptom control (Adenosine A2A receptor antagonist)

Sunovion

recruiting

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Adenosine A2A receptor antagonist

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Selective A2A antagonist adjunct to levodopa.

Targeted Symptoms

OFF episodes

Status

recruiting

Approval chance

High (60-80%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

DyskinesiaInsomnia

Potential Availability Year

2030

KM-819

Disease-modifying (FAF1 inhibitor (small molecule))

Kainos Medicine

recruiting

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

FAF1 inhibitor (small molecule)

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Inhibits FAF1 to reduce α-synuclein toxicity.

Targeted Symptoms

Slow progression

Status

recruiting

Approval chance

Low to moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

GI upsetHeadache

Potential Availability Year

2033

Liraglutide (PD)

Disease-modifying (GLP-1 receptor agonist)

Novo Nordisk

completed

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

GLP-1 receptor agonist

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Long-acting GLP-1 agonist.

Targeted Symptoms

Slow progression

Status

completed

Approval chance

Moderate (30-50%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

NauseaWeight loss

Potential Availability Year

2028

Lixisenatide

Disease-modifying (GLP-1 receptor agonist)

Sanofi

Positive Phase 2 Results; Awaiting Phase 3 Data

completed

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

GLP-1 receptor agonist

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

GLP‑1 agonist repurposed for neuroprotection.

Targeted Symptoms

Slow progression

Status

completed

Status reason

Positive Phase 2 Results; Awaiting Phase 3 Data

Approval chance

Moderate (30-50%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

NauseaVomitingWeight loss

Potential Availability Year

2028

LRRK2 Kinase Inhibitors (general)

Disease-Modifying (LRRK2 kinase inhibitor)

Various

recruiting

Treatment Type

Disease-Modifying

Treatment Subtype

LRRK2 kinase inhibitor

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Inhibits LRRK2 kinase activity to reduce phosphorylation of substrates like Rab10, restoring lysosomal function and autophagy in rodent PD models, preventing dopaminergic neuron loss.

Targeted Symptoms

Motor symptoms; slow neurodegeneration in LRRK2-PD

Status

recruiting

Approval chance

Moderate (30-50%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Lung vacuolation (reversible); mild gastrointestinal issues

Potential Availability Year

2032

LY3884961

Disease-modifying (Gene therapy (GBA1))

Lilly

recruiting

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Gene therapy (GBA1)

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

AAV-GBA1 delivery.

Targeted Symptoms

Neurodegeneration in GBA-PD

Status

recruiting

Approval chance

Moderate (30-50%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Vector immunity

Potential Availability Year

2037

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Disease-modifying (Stem Cell Therapy)

EU Academic Centers

Recruiting; Phase 1 trial ongoing.

recruiting

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Stem Cell Therapy

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Bone marrow-derived MSCs to provide neurotrophic support and immunomodulation.

Targeted Symptoms

motor symptomsnon-motor symptoms

Status

recruiting

Status reason

Recruiting; Phase 1 trial ongoing.

Approval chance

moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Infusion reactions; infection risk.

Potential Availability Year

2032

MSC-PD

Disease-modifying (Mesenchymal stem cell therapy (immunomodulatory))

Various

completed

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Mesenchymal stem cell therapy (immunomodulatory)

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

MSCs with anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic effects.

Targeted Symptoms

Slow progression

Status

completed

Approval chance

Moderate (30-50%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Infusion reactions

Potential Availability Year

2034

Nilvadipine/Alogliptin/Albuterol (APM1 precursors)

Disease-Modifying (Repurposed drug combination)

Australian Parkinson’s Mission (multi-center)

In Progress / Ongoing

in progress

Treatment Type

Disease-Modifying

Treatment Subtype

Repurposed drug combination

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Combo repurposed drugs: Nilvadipine (Ca blocker), Alogliptin (DPP4 inhibitor), Albuterol (beta2 agonist) to modulate inflammation, incretins, and α-syn in PD models.

Targeted Symptoms

Motor and cognitive; slow progression

Status

in progress

Status reason

In Progress / Ongoing

Approval chance

Moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Hypotension, hypoglycemia

Potential Availability Year

2030

NLRP3 Inhibitor

Disease-modifying (Inflammasome Inhibitor)

Novartis

Recruiting; Phase 1 trial ongoing.

recruiting

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Inflammasome Inhibitor

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor to reduce neuroinflammation and pyroptosis.

Targeted Symptoms

motor symptomscognitionslow neurodegeneration

Status

recruiting

Status reason

Recruiting; Phase 1 trial ongoing.

Approval chance

moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Infection risk; liver enzyme elevation.

Potential Availability Year

2030

NLX-112

Symptom control (5-HT1A agonist (anti-dyskinetic))

Neurolixis

completed

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

5-HT1A agonist (anti-dyskinetic)

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Selective 5-HT1A agonist reducing LID.

Targeted Symptoms

Dyskinesia

Status

completed

Approval chance

High (70-90%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

NauseaDizziness

Potential Availability Year

2033

NPT200-11

Disease-Modifying (α-synuclein misfolding inhibitor)

UCB Pharma

in progress

Treatment Type

Disease-Modifying

Treatment Subtype

α-synuclein misfolding inhibitor

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Inhibits α-synuclein misfolding and aggregation in PD animal models, reducing pathology and improving motor function.

Targeted Symptoms

Motor symptoms; slow α-syn misfolding

Status

in progress

Approval chance

Moderate (30-50%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Mild gastrointestinal; predicted from aggregation inhibitors

Potential Availability Year

2035

NX-13

Disease-modifying (Protein Degrader)

Nurix Therapeutics

recruiting

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Protein Degrader

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

CRBN E3 ligase modulator to enhance protein degradation and reduce alpha-synuclein aggregates.

Targeted Symptoms

motor symptomscognitionslow neurodegeneration

Status

recruiting

Approval chance

moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Fatigue, nausea; potential off-target degradation.

Potential Availability Year

2035

PINK1 Activator

Disease-modifying (Mitophagy Activator)

AbbVie

Recruiting; Phase 1 trial ongoing.

recruiting

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Mitophagy Activator

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Selective PINK1 activator to enhance mitophagy and mitochondrial quality control.

Targeted Symptoms

slow neurodegenerationmotor symptoms

Status

recruiting

Status reason

Recruiting; Phase 1 trial ongoing.

Approval chance

moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Mild fatigue; gastrointestinal upset.

Potential Availability Year

2040

PR001

Restorative (Gene Therapy - GBA restoration)

Prevail

ongoing with FDA Fast Track.

recruiting

Treatment Type

Restorative

Treatment Subtype

Gene Therapy - GBA restoration

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Restores GBA via AAV9 to correct lysosomal dysfunction in GBA-PD models.

Targeted Symptoms

Motor and cognitive in GBA-PD

Status

recruiting

Status reason

ongoing with FDA Fast Track.

Approval chance

High (>60%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Vector immunogenicity

Potential Availability Year

2035

PT320

Disease-modifying (GLP-1 Agonist)

Peptron

recruiting

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

GLP-1 Agonist

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Sustained-release GLP-1 receptor agonist exenatide to provide neuroprotection and reduce inflammation.

Targeted Symptoms

motor symptomsdyskinesiacognition

Status

recruiting

Approval chance

moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Nausea, vomiting; weight loss; injection site reactions.

Potential Availability Year

2030

Semaglutide

Disease-modifying (GLP-1 receptor agonist)

Novo Nordisk

recruiting

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

GLP-1 receptor agonist

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Long‑acting GLP‑1 for neuroprotection.

Targeted Symptoms

Slow progression

Status

recruiting

Approval chance

moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

NauseaWeight loss

Potential Availability Year

2029

Spinal Cord Stimulation (PD)

Symptom control (Device - epidural spinal cord stimulation)

Various

in progress

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Device - epidural spinal cord stimulation

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Epidural SCS for gait and balance.

Targeted Symptoms

Gait freezingPostural instability

Status

in progress

Approval chance

low (<10%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Not applicable

Potential Availability Year

2030

TREM2 Agonist

Disease-modifying (Monoclonal Antibody)

Alector

recruiting

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Monoclonal Antibody

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

TREM2 agonistic antibody to enhance microglial phagocytosis and reduce pathology.

Targeted Symptoms

cognitionslow neurodegeneration

Status

recruiting

Approval chance

moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Infusion reactions; mild headache.

Potential Availability Year

2035

UB‑312 (Alpha‑synuclein vaccine)

Disease-modifying (Active immunotherapy (α-synuclein vaccine))

Vaxxinity

positive Phase 1 results showed immunogenicity, safety, and target engagement in PD patients.

completed

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Active immunotherapy (α-synuclein vaccine)

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Active vaccine inducing antibodies against α‑synuclein.

Targeted Symptoms

Slow neurodegeneration

Status

completed

Status reason

positive Phase 1 results showed immunogenicity, safety, and target engagement in PD patients.

Approval chance

Low to moderate (15-35%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Injection site reactionsFlu‑like symptoms

Potential Availability Year

2032

USP30 Inhibitor

Disease-modifying (Mitophagy Enhancer)

Reata Pharmaceuticals

recruiting

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Mitophagy Enhancer

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

USP30 inhibitor to promote mitophagy and mitochondrial clearance.

Targeted Symptoms

slow neurodegeneration

Status

recruiting

Approval chance

moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Gastrointestinal; mild liver changes.

Potential Availability Year

2035

UW Stem Cell Therapy

Restorative (Stem Cell Therapy)

University of Wisconsin

Completed (positive)

In Progress

Treatment Type

Restorative

Treatment Subtype

Stem Cell Therapy

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

iPSC-derived dopaminergic neuron transplantation to replace lost cells.

Targeted Symptoms

motor symptoms

Status

In Progress

Status reason

Completed (positive)

Approval chance

moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Surgical risks; immunosuppression.

Potential Availability Year

2036

Vagus Nerve Stimulation (PD)

Symptom control (Device - non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation)

Various (LivaNova)

recruiting

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Device - non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation.

Targeted Symptoms

TremorRigidity

Status

recruiting

Approval chance

Moderate (30-50%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Voice changesNeck pain

Potential Availability Year

2034

VENT-02

Symptom Control (Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation)

Vagus Nerve Tech

recruiting

Treatment Type

Symptom Control

Treatment Subtype

Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Non-invasive VNS to modulate brain circuits, improving motor function in animal PD models.

Targeted Symptoms

Motor symptoms; gait freezing

Status

recruiting

Approval chance

Moderate (30-50%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Mild skin irritation; hoarseness

Potential Availability Year

2034

VGN-R09b

Restorative (Gene Therapy)

VGN Therapeutics

FDA Fast Track Designation granted to VGN-R09b for Primary Parkinson's Disease treatment.

in progress

Treatment Type

Restorative

Treatment Subtype

Gene Therapy

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

AAV9 gene therapy co-expressing AADC and GDNF to enhance dopamine production and neuroprotection.

Targeted Symptoms

motor symptomsOFF timeslow neurodegeneration

Status

in progress

Status reason

FDA Fast Track Designation granted to VGN-R09b for Primary Parkinson's Disease treatment.

Approval chance

high (>60%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Surgical risks; AAV immunogenicity.

Potential Availability Year

2036

ZE75-0267

Symptom control (Dopamine Modulator)

Zevra Therapeutics

Completed (positive)

In Progress

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Dopamine Modulator

Stage

Phase 2

Mechanism

Dopamine modulator to enhance motor control and reduce symptoms.

Targeted Symptoms

motor symptomstremor

Status

In Progress

Status reason

Completed (positive)

Approval chance

moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Insomnia; appetite suppression.

Potential Availability Year

2040

ALN-SNCA

Disease-modifying (RNA Interference)

Alnylam Pharmaceuticals

recruiting

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

RNA Interference

Stage

Phase 1

Mechanism

SNCA siRNA to silence alpha-synuclein gene expression, reducing protein aggregation.

Targeted Symptoms

motor symptomsslow neurodegeneration

Status

recruiting

Approval chance

moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Injection site reactions; potential off-target silencing; flu-like symptoms.

Potential Availability Year

2035

ANPD001

Restorative (Stem Cell Therapy)

Aspen Neuroscience

Phase 1/2a trial progressing; 6-month data shows early improvements in motor symptoms and quality of life.

in progress

Treatment Type

Restorative

Treatment Subtype

Stem Cell Therapy

Stage

Phase 1

Mechanism

Restores dopaminergic neurons through autologous induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived dopamine neuron transplantation.

Targeted Symptoms

motor symptomstremorbradykinesiarigidityslow neurodegeneration

Status

in progress

Status reason

Phase 1/2a trial progressing; 6-month data shows early improvements in motor symptoms and quality of life.

Approval chance

moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Surgical risks including infection, hemorrhage; potential graft rejection (minimal with autologous cells); off-target cell proliferation.

Potential Availability Year

2035

ARV-102 (PROTAC precursor)

Disease-Modifying (PROTAC LRRK2 degrader)

Arvinas

In Progress / Ongoing

Completed

Treatment Type

Disease-Modifying

Treatment Subtype

PROTAC LRRK2 degrader

Stage

Phase 1

Mechanism

PROTAC degrader of LRRK2, reducing protein levels in degradation models for LRRK2-PD.

Targeted Symptoms

Motor symptoms in LRRK2-PD

Status

Completed

Status reason

In Progress / Ongoing

Approval chance

High (>60%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Mild off-target effects; predicted

Potential Availability Year

2036

AV-101

Symptom Control (NMDA glycine-site modulator)

Vistagen

recruiting

Treatment Type

Symptom Control

Treatment Subtype

NMDA glycine-site modulator

Stage

Phase 1

Mechanism

Modulates NMDA glycine site to reduce LID in MPTP models, preserving antiparkinsonian effects.

Targeted Symptoms

Levodopa-induced dyskinesia

Status

recruiting

Approval chance

Moderate (30-50%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Mild dizziness; better than ketamine

Potential Availability Year

2035

BIIB101

Disease-modifying (Gene Therapy)

Biogen

Discountinued

recruiting

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Gene Therapy

Stage

Phase 1

Mechanism

AAV gene therapy delivering anti-tau antibody to reduce tau aggregation.

Targeted Symptoms

cognitionmotor symptoms

Status

recruiting

Status reason

Discountinued

Approval chance

low (<10%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

AAV-related inflammation; headache.

Potential Availability Year

2036

CAP-003

Disease-modifying (Gene Therapy)

Capsida Biotherapeutics

FDA IND clearance received; Phase 1/2 trial initiated.

recruiting

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Gene Therapy

Stage

Phase 1

Mechanism

IV-delivered AAV gene therapy to restore GBA1 expression and GCase activity in the brain.

Targeted Symptoms

motor symptomscognitionslow neurodegeneration

Status

recruiting

Status reason

FDA IND clearance received; Phase 1/2 trial initiated.

Approval chance

moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Immune response to AAV; liver enzyme elevation; headache.

Potential Availability Year

2035

CT1-DAP001

Restorative (Stem Cell Therapy)

Sumitomo Pharma

recruiting

Treatment Type

Restorative

Treatment Subtype

Stem Cell Therapy

Stage

Phase 1

Mechanism

Transplantation of human iPSC-derived dopaminergic progenitors to replace lost dopamine neurons.

Targeted Symptoms

motor symptomstremorbradykinesiarigidity

Status

recruiting

Approval chance

high (>60%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Immunosuppression risks; potential tumor formation; surgical infection.

Potential Availability Year

2034

GSBR-1290

Symptom control (Cannabinoid Modulator)

Greenwich Therapeutics

Completed (positive)

recruiting

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Cannabinoid Modulator

Stage

Phase 1

Mechanism

Cannabinoid receptor modulator to reduce neuroinflammation and protect neurons.

Targeted Symptoms

motor symptomspainanxiety

Status

recruiting

Status reason

Completed (positive)

Approval chance

moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Dizziness, dry mouth; cognitive fog.

Potential Availability Year

2035

GT-02287

Disease-modifying (Enzyme Modulator)

Gain Therapeutics

Completed (positive); Phase 1b extension initiated

in progress

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Enzyme Modulator

Stage

Phase 1

Mechanism

Allosteric modulator of lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase) to restore activity and reduce alpha-synuclein aggregation.

Targeted Symptoms

motor symptomscognitionslow neurodegeneration

Status

in progress

Status reason

Completed (positive); Phase 1b extension initiated

Approval chance

moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Mild gastrointestinal upset; potential liver enzyme elevation.

Potential Availability Year

2034

Low-dose Lithium

Disease-modifying (Autophagy Enhancer)

Van Andel Institute / Cure Parkinson’s

recruiting

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Autophagy Enhancer

Stage

Phase 1

Mechanism

GSK-3β inhibitor to enhance autophagy and reduce alpha-synuclein aggregation.

Targeted Symptoms

motor symptomscognitionslow neurodegeneration

Status

recruiting

Approval chance

moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Tremor, thyroid dysfunction; polyuria.

Potential Availability Year

2034

Lu AF28996

Symptom control (Dopamine D1/D2 agonist)

Lundbeck

recruiting

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Dopamine D1/D2 agonist

Stage

Phase 1

Mechanism

Balanced D1/D2 agonist for smoother motor control.

Targeted Symptoms

OFF time

Status

recruiting

Approval chance

High (60-80%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

NauseaDyskinesia

Potential Availability Year

2035

MTX325

Disease-Modifying (USP30 inhibitor (mitophagy enhancer))

Mission Therapeutics

In Progress / Ongoing

recruiting

Treatment Type

Disease-Modifying

Treatment Subtype

USP30 inhibitor (mitophagy enhancer)

Stage

Phase 1

Mechanism

Enhances mitophagy by inhibiting USP30, a deubiquitylating enzyme localized to mitochondria that negatively regulates the Parkin/PINK1 pathway, thereby improving mitochondrial quality control and clearing dysfunctional mitochondria to protect dopamine-producing neurons.

Targeted Symptoms

Motor symptoms (tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity); slow neurodegeneration

Status

recruiting

Status reason

In Progress / Ongoing

Approval chance

Moderate (30-50%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Mild gastrointestinal upset, headache; potential fatigue; predicted based on similar mitophagy enhancers

Potential Availability Year

2034

PR006

Disease-modifying (Gene Therapy)

Prevail Therapeutics

Completed (negative)

completed

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Gene Therapy

Stage

Phase 1

Mechanism

AAV9-GBA1 gene therapy to restore glucocerebrosidase activity in GBA-PD.

Targeted Symptoms

motor symptomscognitionslow neurodegeneration

Status

completed

Status reason

Completed (negative)

Approval chance

low (<10%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

AAV immunogenicity; liver toxicity; headache.

Potential Availability Year

2036

SRX199

Disease-modifying (Kinase Inhibitor)

Strata Oncology

recruiting

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Kinase Inhibitor

Stage

Phase 1

Mechanism

MEK inhibitor to reduce neuroinflammation and protect dopaminergic neurons.

Targeted Symptoms

motor symptomscognition

Status

recruiting

Approval chance

low (<10%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Rash, diarrhea; fatigue.

Potential Availability Year

2040

STEM-PD

Restorative (Stem Cell Therapy)

Stem Cell Institute Panama

Ongoing

in progress

Treatment Type

Restorative

Treatment Subtype

Stem Cell Therapy

Stage

Phase 1

Mechanism

Transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived dopaminergic progenitors to replace lost neurons.

Targeted Symptoms

motor symptomsslow neurodegeneration

Status

in progress

Status reason

Ongoing

Approval chance

moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Immunosuppression infections; graft rejection; tumor risk.

Potential Availability Year

2035

UX-DA001

Restorative (Stem cell therapy)

UniXell Biotech

In Progress / Ongoing

Treatment Type

Restorative

Treatment Subtype

Stem cell therapy

Stage

Phase 1

Mechanism

Autologous iPSC-derived midbrain dopaminergic progenitor cells reprogrammed from patient's peripheral blood and transplanted into the putamen to differentiate into mature dopaminergic neurons, replacing lost cells and restoring dopamine production.

Targeted Symptoms

Motor symptoms (tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia); non-motor symptoms (sleep disturbances); long-term outcome of regenerating dopaminergic neurons and slowing neurodegeneration.

Status

In Progress / Ongoing

Approval chance

Moderate (30-50%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Surgical risks (infection, bleeding); no severe adverse events reported; no immunosuppression required, minimizing infection and tumor risks.

Potential Availability Year

2032

XS411

Restorative (Stem cell therapy)

XellSmart Biopharmaceutical

Recruiting

Treatment Type

Restorative

Treatment Subtype

Stem cell therapy

Stage

Phase 1

Mechanism

Allogeneic iPSC-derived dopaminergic neural progenitor cells transplanted via stereotactic injection into the bilateral putamen to differentiate into mature dopaminergic neurons, replacing lost cells and restoring dopamine production.

Targeted Symptoms

Motor symptoms (tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia); non-motor symptoms; long-term outcome of regenerating dopaminergic neurons and slowing neurodegeneration.

Status

Recruiting

Approval chance

Moderate (30-50%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Surgical risks (infection, bleeding); immunosuppression-related risks; no treatment-related adverse events reported in early trials.

Potential Availability Year

2040

CNM-PD001

Disease-Modifying (Gold nanocrystal bioenergetic catalyst)

Clene

phase 1 targeted in 2026

planned

Treatment Type

Disease-Modifying

Treatment Subtype

Gold nanocrystal bioenergetic catalyst

Stage

Pre-clinical

Mechanism

Uses gold nanocrystals to enhance neuronal bioenergetics and neuroprotection in PD models, improving mitochondrial function.

Targeted Symptoms

Motor symptoms; energy deficits

Status

planned

Status reason

phase 1 targeted in 2026

Approval chance

Moderate (30-50%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Mild metallic taste; nanoparticle safety

Potential Availability Year

2035

CSM-101

Disease-Modifying (TRPML1 activator (autophagy/lysosomal enhancer))

Casma Therapeutics

In Progress / Ongoing

in progress

Treatment Type

Disease-Modifying

Treatment Subtype

TRPML1 activator (autophagy/lysosomal enhancer)

Stage

Pre-clinical

Mechanism

Activates TRPML1, a lysosomal calcium channel, to restore lysosomal function and enhance autophagy, correcting defects in Gaucher’s disease models and reducing toxic lipid accumulation and alpha-synuclein levels in PD.

Targeted Symptoms

Motor symptoms; cognitive deficits; slow neurodegeneration in GBA-PD

Status

in progress

Status reason

In Progress / Ongoing

Approval chance

Moderate (25-45%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Mild gastrointestinal issues; potential calcium imbalance; predicted from lysosomal modulators

Potential Availability Year

2034

Human Midbrain Organoids

Research Tool (Organoid modeling)

Various (academic)

in progress

Treatment Type

Research Tool

Treatment Subtype

Organoid modeling

Stage

Pre-clinical

Mechanism

PSC-derived organoids modeling midbrain pathology for therapy testing in PD.

Targeted Symptoms

N/A; research tool

Status

in progress

Approval chance

N/A

Side Effects / Watchouts

N/A

Potential Availability Year

N/A

ISM8969

Disease-Modifying (NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor)

Insilico Medicine

Favorable preclinical results in Parkinson's disease models, including dose-dependent motor improvements; no clinical validation yet for NLRP3 inhibition in PD.

planned

Treatment Type

Disease-Modifying

Treatment Subtype

NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor

Stage

Pre-clinical

Mechanism

Inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome, a multiprotein complex that drives neuroinflammation and pyroptosis in PD, reducing IL-1β and IL-18 release to modulate pathological inflammation implicated in neurodegeneration.

Targeted Symptoms

Motor symptoms (bradykinesia, rigidity); cognitive decline; slow neurodegeneration

Status

planned

Status reason

Favorable preclinical results in Parkinson's disease models, including dose-dependent motor improvements; no clinical validation yet for NLRP3 inhibition in PD.

Approval chance

Moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Mild infection risk increase; gastrointestinal upset; predicted from NLRP3 inhibitors like dapansutrile

Potential Availability Year

2033

Modafinil

Disease-Modifying (Neuroprotective (dopamine uptake enhancer))

Generic

completed

Treatment Type

Disease-Modifying

Treatment Subtype

Neuroprotective (dopamine uptake enhancer)

Stage

Pre-clinical

Mechanism

Provides neuroprotection in marmoset MPTP models via enhanced dopamine uptake and reduced oxidative stress, preserving striatal neurons and function.

Targeted Symptoms

Motor symptoms; fatigue; slow neurodegeneration

Status

completed

Approval chance

Low (<10%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Insomnia, headache; known from wakefulness use

Potential Availability Year

2038

NX-2127

Disease-Modifying (BTK degrader)

Nurix

In Progress / Ongoing

in progress

Treatment Type

Disease-Modifying

Treatment Subtype

BTK degrader

Stage

Pre-clinical

Mechanism

Degrades BTK to modulate B-cell signaling and neuroinflammation in PD models.

Targeted Symptoms

Inflammation; immune dysregulation

Status

in progress

Status reason

In Progress / Ongoing

Approval chance

Moderate (30-50%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Immunosuppression; infection risk

Potential Availability Year

2035

Patient-derived GBA1 Organoids

Research Tool (Organoid modeling)

Various (academic)

in progress

Treatment Type

Research Tool

Treatment Subtype

Organoid modeling

Stage

Pre-clinical

Mechanism

Models Lewy pathology in GBA1-mutant organoids, recapitulating dopaminergic loss and inclusions.

Targeted Symptoms

N/A; GBA-PD modeling

Status

in progress

Approval chance

N/A

Side Effects / Watchouts

N/A

Potential Availability Year

N/A

SB-0110

Symptom Control (Dyskinesia modulator)

Sinopia Biosciences

In Progress / Ongoing

in progress

Treatment Type

Symptom Control

Treatment Subtype

Dyskinesia modulator

Stage

Pre-clinical

Mechanism

Modulates dyskinesia via unique pharmacology targeting both PD symptoms and levodopa-induced complications, reducing LID without exacerbating parkinsonism in rodent and primate models.

Targeted Symptoms

Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID); motor fluctuations

Status

in progress

Status reason

In Progress / Ongoing

Approval chance

Moderate (30-50%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Mild somnolence; predicted from similar modulators

Potential Availability Year

2035

Spur GBA1 Gene Therapy

Disease-Modifying (Gene Therapy - GBA1 restoration)

Spur Therapeutics

in progress

Treatment Type

Disease-Modifying

Treatment Subtype

Gene Therapy - GBA1 restoration

Stage

Pre-clinical

Mechanism

Restores GBA1 function via AAV gene therapy, enhancing lysosomal activity and reducing α-synuclein in GBA-PD models.

Targeted Symptoms

Motor and cognitive symptoms; slow GBA-PD progression

Status

in progress

Approval chance

High (>60%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Vector immunogenicity; mild inflammation

Potential Availability Year

2036

TUDCA (tauroursodeoxycholic acid)

Disease-modifying (claimed) (Bile acid supplement)

Patient communities (longevity circles)

Off-label patient use / preclinical + combo studies

off-label

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying (claimed)

Treatment Subtype

Bile acid supplement

Stage

Pre-clinical

Mechanism

Reduces ER stress, supports mitophagy

Targeted Symptoms

Slow progression, neuroprotection hope

Status

off-label

Status reason

Off-label patient use / preclinical + combo studies

Approval chance

low (<10%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Mild GI

Potential Availability Year

2025

BeechBand

Symptom control (Wearable device)

Carl Beech and Nick Whiteley

Prototype phase; awaiting further development and clinical validation

planned

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Wearable device

Stage

Patient Driven

Mechanism

A wristband that delivers rhythmic haptic pulses to alleviate Parkinson's symptoms like speech issues, gait problems, and anxiety.

Targeted Symptoms

Speech issues, gait problems, anxiety, tremors, tics, dyskinesia

Status

planned

Status reason

Prototype phase; awaiting further development and clinical validation

Approval chance

Positive anecdotal reports; formal clinical trial data not yet available

Side Effects / Watchouts

Minor discomfort; no significant adverse events reported

Potential Availability Year

2025

Glutathione (IV, nasal, liposomal)

Symptom control (Supplement (direct antioxidant))

Functional medicine clinics / patient groups

Off-label patient use

off-label

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Supplement (direct antioxidant)

Stage

Patient Driven

Mechanism

Directly boosts brain glutathione levels

Targeted Symptoms

Temporary tremor smoothing, fatigue

Status

off-label

Status reason

Off-label patient use

Approval chance

low (<10%) - large IV trial failed

Side Effects / Watchouts

IV site pain, sulphur odour, expensive

Potential Availability Year

2025

High-dose Melatonin (10-50 mg slow-release)

Symptom control (Supplement)

Patient communities

Off-label patient use

off-label

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Supplement

Stage

Patient Driven

Mechanism

Strong antioxidant, improves sleep architecture, mild mitochondrial support

Targeted Symptoms

Sleep disruption, night-time tremor, morning akinesia

Status

off-label

Status reason

Off-label patient use

Approval chance

low (<10%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Morning grogginess (dose-dependent), vivid dreams

Potential Availability Year

2025

High-dose Thiamine (B1/HCl, benfotiamine, sulbutiamine, allithiamine)

Symptom control (Vitamin/supplement)

Patient-driven (Costantini protocol, highdosethiamine.org community)

Off-label patient use / small retrospective studies ongoing (2025)

off-label

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Vitamin/supplement

Stage

Patient Driven

Mechanism

Restores thiamine-dependent energy metabolism in basal ganglia and supports mitochondrial function in dopaminergic neurons

Targeted Symptoms

Rest tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, fatigue; many tremor-dominant patients report smoother movement and reduced tremor amplitude

Status

off-label

Status reason

Off-label patient use / small retrospective studies ongoing (2025)

Approval chance

low (<10%) - no industry-sponsored approval pathway

Side Effects / Watchouts

Rare; occasional GI upset or overstimulation at very high doses (>2 g/day)

Potential Availability Year

2025

Ketogenic diet / exogenous ketones

Symptom control (Dietary intervention)

Patient communities + academic pilots

Multiple feasibility trials positive (2025)

in progress

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Dietary intervention

Stage

Patient Driven

Mechanism

Shifts brain to ketone metabolism, bypassing glucose deficits

Targeted Symptoms

Tremor (20-50 % reduction in some), fatigue, OFF time

Status

in progress

Status reason

Multiple feasibility trials positive (2025)

Approval chance

low (<10%) for formal approval

Side Effects / Watchouts

Keto flu, GI changes, difficult long-term adherence

Potential Availability Year

2025

Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 probiotic

Symptom control (Psychobiotic)

Bened Biomedical Co., Ltd.

Available supplement / small completed RCTs

off-label

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Psychobiotic

Stage

Patient Driven

Mechanism

Modulates gut-brain axis, dopamine signalling, reduces inflammation

Targeted Symptoms

Motor symptoms, constipation, mood

Status

off-label

Status reason

Available supplement / small completed RCTs

Approval chance

low (<10%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Minimal

Potential Availability Year

2025

Low-Dose Naltrexone (LDN 1-4.5 mg)

Symptom control (Repurposed drug (opioid antagonist))

Patient communities (LDN Research Trust)

Off-label patient use

off-label

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Repurposed drug (opioid antagonist)

Stage

Patient Driven

Mechanism

Modulates microglia and endorphin system, mild anti-inflammatory

Targeted Symptoms

Fatigue, pain, tremor softening (anecdotal)

Status

off-label

Status reason

Off-label patient use

Approval chance

low (<10%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Vivid dreams, initial insomnia (rare)

Potential Availability Year

2025

Mannitol (powder form)

Disease-modifying (claimed) (Sugar alcohol supplement)

Patient-driven (former CliniCrowd registry, Israeli researchers)

Off-label patient use (post-negative trial)

off-label

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying (claimed)

Treatment Subtype

Sugar alcohol supplement

Stage

Patient Driven

Mechanism

Hypothesised to inhibit α-synuclein aggregation and help clear protein via BBB effects

Targeted Symptoms

Slow progression, brain fog; mixed tremor reports

Status

off-label

Status reason

Off-label patient use (post-negative trial)

Approval chance

very low (<5%) - 2022 trial safe but ineffective

Side Effects / Watchouts

Bloating, diarrhoea at 18 g/day (1/3 intolerant)

Potential Availability Year

2025

Mucuna pruriens (standardised 15-40 % L-dopa)

Symptom control (Natural levodopa source)

Ayurvedic suppliers / patient groups

Off-label patient use

off-label

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Natural levodopa source

Stage

Patient Driven

Mechanism

Provides natural levodopa with possible decarboxylase inhibitors

Targeted Symptoms

OFF time, tremor, bradykinesia (smoother onset than synthetic)

Status

off-label

Status reason

Off-label patient use

Approval chance

low (<10%) for formal approval

Side Effects / Watchouts

Same as levodopa if overdosed (dyskinesia risk)

Potential Availability Year

2025

N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)

Symptom control (Supplement (glutathione precursor))

Patient communities

Off-label patient use

off-label

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Supplement (glutathione precursor)

Stage

Patient Driven

Mechanism

Replenishes glutathione, reduces oxidative stress

Targeted Symptoms

Fatigue, mild tremor/fog reduction

Status

off-label

Status reason

Off-label patient use

Approval chance

low (<10%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

GI upset, sulphur smell

Potential Availability Year

2025

PDCare Laser

Symptom control (Photobiomodulation therapy)

SYMBYX Biome

CE and ARTG listed as a complementary therapy; availability in the U.S. is currently limited.

planned

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Photobiomodulation therapy

Stage

Patient Driven

Mechanism

A handheld, non-invasive device emitting near-infrared light (904 nm) to reduce Parkinson's disease symptoms by improving motor function and gut health.

Targeted Symptoms

Motor impairments, balance issues, gait disturbances, cognitive decline, gut health problems.

Status

planned

Status reason

CE and ARTG listed as a complementary therapy; availability in the U.S. is currently limited.

Approval chance

Clinical trials have shown improvements in motor skills, sleep quality, and digestion; exact success rates not specified.

Side Effects / Watchouts

Generally well-tolerated; no significant adverse effects reported.

Potential Availability Year

2025

AAV-hAADC (VY-AADC01)

Symptom control (Gene therapy (AADC enzyme restoration))

Voyager

discontinued

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Gene therapy (AADC enzyme restoration)

Stage

Discontinued

Mechanism

AAV2-hAADC gene therapy to enhance levodopa conversion.

Targeted Symptoms

OFF time

Status

discontinued

Approval chance

High (60-80%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Surgical risksDyskinesia

Potential Availability Year

2037

ABBV-0805

Disease-modifying (Monoclonal Antibody)

AbbVie

Completed (negative)

Discontinued

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Monoclonal Antibody

Stage

Discontinued

Mechanism

Monoclonal antibody targeting aggregated alpha-synuclein to prevent spread and toxicity.

Targeted Symptoms

motor symptomsslow neurodegeneration

Status

Discontinued

Status reason

Completed (negative)

Approval chance

moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Infusion reactions; headache.

Potential Availability Year

2033

AL001

Disease-modifying (TREM2-activating antibody)

Alector

discontinued

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

TREM2-activating antibody

Stage

Discontinued

Mechanism

Activates TREM2 on microglia to clear debris.

Targeted Symptoms

NeuroinflammationProgression

Status

discontinued

Approval chance

Side Effects / Watchouts

Infusion reactionsEdema

Potential Availability Year

N/A

AL002

Disease-Modifying (TREM2 agonist)

Alector

Discountinued

discontinued

Treatment Type

Disease-Modifying

Treatment Subtype

TREM2 agonist

Stage

Discontinued

Mechanism

Activates TREM2 signaling in microglia to enhance phagocytosis and reduce neuroinflammation in PD models.

Targeted Symptoms

Cognitive and motor symptoms; slow neurodegeneration

Status

discontinued

Status reason

Discountinued

Approval chance

Moderate (30-50%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Infusion reactions; ARIA-like events

Potential Availability Year

2035

AQW051

Symptom control (Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor agonist (cognition/psychosis))

Roche

failed to meet primary/secondary endpoints

discontinued

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor agonist (cognition/psychosis)

Stage

Discontinued

Mechanism

Alpha-7 nicotinic agonist for cognitive and psychotic symptoms.

Targeted Symptoms

HallucinationsCognition

Status

discontinued

Status reason

failed to meet primary/secondary endpoints

Approval chance

Moderate (30-50%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

NauseaDizziness

Potential Availability Year

2035

ATH-1017 (Fosgonimeton)

Disease-modifying (HGF/MET activator (subcutaneous injection))

Athira Pharma

program discontinued due to study design limitations and resource prioritization to Alzheimer's trials

discontinued

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

HGF/MET activator (subcutaneous injection)

Stage

Discontinued

Mechanism

HGF/MET activator promoting neuronal survival.

Targeted Symptoms

CognitionProgression

Status

discontinued

Status reason

program discontinued due to study design limitations and resource prioritization to Alzheimer's trials

Approval chance

Low (0%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Injection site reactionsHeadache

Potential Availability Year

2036

AXO-Lenti-PD

Symptom control (Gene therapy (triple enzyme dopamine synthesis))

Axovant (Sio Gene)

Discountinued

discontinued

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

Gene therapy (triple enzyme dopamine synthesis)

Stage

Discontinued

Mechanism

Lentiviral vector delivering TH, AADC, CH1 genes.

Targeted Symptoms

OFF time

Status

discontinued

Status reason

Discountinued

Approval chance

Moderate (40-60%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Surgical risksImmune response

Potential Availability Year

2038

CNM-Au8

Disease-modifying (Nanoparticle Therapy)

Clene Nanomedicine

met its primary endpoint

completed(negative)

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Nanoparticle Therapy

Stage

Discontinued

Mechanism

Gold nanocrystals to improve mitochondrial energy metabolism and reduce oxidative stress.

Targeted Symptoms

motor symptomscognition

Status

completed(negative)

Status reason

met its primary endpoint

Approval chance

moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Mild gastrointestinal upset; metallic taste.

Potential Availability Year

2028

CoQ10 (high dose)

Disease-modifying (Mitochondrial support (high-dose CoQ10))

Various

No clinically meaningful difference

discontinued

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Mitochondrial support (high-dose CoQ10)

Stage

Discontinued

Mechanism

High-dose coenzyme Q10 for mitochondrial support.

Targeted Symptoms

Slow progression

Status

discontinued

Status reason

No clinically meaningful difference

Approval chance

Low to moderate (20-40%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

GI upset

Potential Availability Year

2036

Deferiprone (PD)

Disease-modifying (Iron chelator)

ApoPharma

Discountinued

discontinued

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Iron chelator

Stage

Discontinued

Mechanism

Iron chelator reducing brain iron accumulation.

Targeted Symptoms

Slow progression

Status

discontinued

Status reason

Discountinued

Approval chance

Moderate (30-50%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Worsening of Parkinson's symptoms, neutropenia, agranulocytosis

Potential Availability Year

2036

Exenatide

Disease-modifying (GLP-1 receptor agonist)

University of Copenhagen

Discountinued

discontinued

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

GLP-1 receptor agonist

Stage

Discontinued

Mechanism

GLP‑1 agonist with anti‑inflammatory effects.

Targeted Symptoms

Neurodegeneration

Status

discontinued

Status reason

Discountinued

Approval chance

Side Effects / Watchouts

GI upsetInjection site reactions

Potential Availability Year

Not applicable

Exenatide (Australian extension)

Disease-modifying (GLP-1 receptor agonist)

Various (academic)

Discountinued

discontinued

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

GLP-1 receptor agonist

Stage

Discontinued

Mechanism

GLP‑1 neuroprotection in larger cohort.

Targeted Symptoms

Slow progression

Status

discontinued

Status reason

Discountinued

Approval chance

Low (0%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Nausea, Injection reactions

Potential Availability Year

Not applicable

Exenatide (intranasal)

Disease-modifying (GLP-1 receptor agonist (intranasal))

Various

Discountinued

discontinued

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

GLP-1 receptor agonist (intranasal)

Stage

Discontinued

Mechanism

Intranasal GLP-1 for brain penetration.

Targeted Symptoms

Neuroprotection

Status

discontinued

Status reason

Discountinued

Approval chance

Moderate (30-50%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Nasal irritationNausea

Potential Availability Year

2036

Exenatide Low-Dose

Disease-modifying (GLP-1 Agonist)

Australian ANZCTR

Discountinued

discontinued

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

GLP-1 Agonist

Stage

Discontinued

Mechanism

GLP-1 agonist to provide neuroprotection via anti-inflammatory effects.

Targeted Symptoms

motor symptomscognition

Status

discontinued

Status reason

Discountinued

Approval chance

low (<10%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Nausea; gastrointestinal upset.

Potential Availability Year

N/A

Foliglurax

Symptom control (mGlu4 positive allosteric modulator)

H. Lundbeck A/S

Discountinued

discontinued

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

mGlu4 positive allosteric modulator

Stage

Discontinued

Mechanism

mGlu4 positive allosteric modulator.

Targeted Symptoms

Dyskinesia

Status

discontinued

Status reason

Discountinued

Approval chance

Low (0%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

No significant adverse events reported.

Potential Availability Year

Not applicable

GM1 Ganglioside

Disease-modifying (Neurotrophic ganglioside)

Various

development paused pending synthetic GM1 production

paused

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Neurotrophic ganglioside

Stage

Discontinued

Mechanism

Ganglioside promoting neuronal repair.

Targeted Symptoms

Slow progression

Status

paused

Status reason

development paused pending synthetic GM1 production

Approval chance

High (60-80%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Injection siteAllergic reactions

Potential Availability Year

2037

Lixisenatide (Aus cohort)

Disease-modifying (GLP-1 receptor agonist)

Sanofi

discontinued

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

GLP-1 receptor agonist

Stage

Discontinued

Mechanism

GLP‑1 in Australian PD patients.

Targeted Symptoms

Progression

Status

discontinued

Approval chance

Side Effects / Watchouts

GI side effects

Potential Availability Year

N/A

MEDI1341

Disease-modifying (Anti-α-synuclein monoclonal antibody)

AbbVie

Phase 2 in MSA missed primary/secondary endpoints; Takeda ended involvement.

discontinued

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Anti-α-synuclein monoclonal antibody

Stage

Discontinued

Mechanism

mAb targeting aggregated α‑synuclein.

Targeted Symptoms

Neurodegeneration

Status

discontinued

Status reason

Phase 2 in MSA missed primary/secondary endpoints; Takeda ended involvement.

Approval chance

Moderate (30-50%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

Infusion reactionsARIA

Potential Availability Year

2031

Nilotinib (PD)

Disease-modifying (c-Abl kinase inhibitor (repurposed))

Novartis (repurposed)

Discountinued

discontinued

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

c-Abl kinase inhibitor (repurposed)

Stage

Discontinued

Mechanism

c-Abl inhibitor clearing α-synuclein.

Targeted Symptoms

Slow progression

Status

discontinued

Status reason

Discountinued

Approval chance

Low (0%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

QT prolongationMyelosuppression

Potential Availability Year

N/A

NLY01 (PEGylated exenatide)

Disease-modifying (GLP-1 receptor agonist (pegylated))

Neuraly

Discountinued

discontinued

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

GLP-1 receptor agonist (pegylated)

Stage

Discontinued

Mechanism

Long‑acting GLP‑1 agonist with neuroprotection.

Targeted Symptoms

Slow neurodegeneration

Status

discontinued

Status reason

Discountinued

Approval chance

Side Effects / Watchouts

Nausea, Weight loss

Potential Availability Year

Discontinued

NYX-458

Symptom control (NMDA receptor modulator (cognitive))

Aptinyx

Discountinued

discontinued

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

NMDA receptor modulator (cognitive)

Stage

Discontinued

Mechanism

NMDA receptor modulator for cognitive dysfunction.

Targeted Symptoms

Mild cognitive impairment

Status

discontinued

Status reason

Discountinued

Approval chance

Side Effects / Watchouts

None

Potential Availability Year

N/A

SAGE-718

Symptom control (NMDA receptor positive allosteric modulator (cognitive))

Sage Therapeutics

Discountinued

discontinued

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

NMDA receptor positive allosteric modulator (cognitive)

Stage

Discontinued

Mechanism

Positive allosteric modulator of NMDA receptors.

Targeted Symptoms

CognitionExecutive function

Status

discontinued

Status reason

Discountinued

Approval chance

Side Effects / Watchouts

N/A

Potential Availability Year

N/A

Sarizotan

Symptom control (5-HT1A agonist + D2 antagonist)

Newron

discontinued

Treatment Type

Symptom control

Treatment Subtype

5-HT1A agonist + D2 antagonist

Stage

Discontinued

Mechanism

5-HT1A agonist + D2 antagonist for LID.

Targeted Symptoms

Dyskinesia

Status

discontinued

Approval chance

Low (0%)

Side Effects / Watchouts

NauseaFatigue

Potential Availability Year

2036

Simvastatin

Disease-modifying (Repurposed statin (neuroprotective))

University of Oxford (PD STAT)

discontinued

Treatment Type

Disease-modifying

Treatment Subtype

Repurposed statin (neuroprotective)

Stage

Discontinued

Mechanism

Repurposed statin reducing inflammation and α‑syn.

Targeted Symptoms

Progression

Status

discontinued

Approval chance

Side Effects / Watchouts

Muscle painLiver enzyme elevation

Potential Availability Year

N/A